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X-ray imaging is an important method for the diagnosis of corona virus disease(COVID-19), but there is a risk of nosocomial infection during X-ray imaging diagnosis. By analyzing the process of X-ray imaging diagnosis and the possible infection factors in hospital, Jiangsu province took the lead in issuing the Guideline for the nosocomial infection prevention and control of X-ray imaging diagnosis of COVID-19. This guideline clarifies the basic requirements for controlling infections during X-ray imaging diagnosis, the specific measures for staff protection, disinfection of personnel and places, and the protection and disinfection of subjects, which is instructive for field work. It is worth noting that while focusing on controlling infections, the principle of optimal protection for medical exposure cannot be ignored.
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Objective To study the frequency of diagnostic medical radiological examinations and the distribution of examinees in Jiangxi province by sampling investigation,including normal X-ray diagnosis,computed tomography (CT),interventional radiology.Methods Hospitals of different levels in Jiangxi province were chosen by the typical sampling method.Questionnaire was used in this study.Results There were more male examinees than female in diagnostic medical radiological examinations.For the distribution of age,the "0-" group accounted for the lowest and the "40-" group the highest proportion.The annual frequency in 2016 in Jiangxi was 543.07 examinations per 1 000 population for normal X-ray diagnosis,244.79 examinations per 1 000 population for CT scanning,6.28 examinations per 1 000 population for interventional radiology.Conclusions The frequency of diagnostic medical radiological examinations in Jiangxi has been increased rapidly which made a huge challenge for radiological protection.Therefore,the supervision and management of diagnostic medical radiological examinations should be enhanced and medical resources should be rationally allocated.
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Objective To estimate the application frequency of X-ray diagnosis in Fujian province in 2016 based on the examination number survey in sampled hospitals in 9 cities.Methods Using the national unified questionnaire and stratified typical sampling method,a total of 43 hospitals in 9 cities of Fujian province were selected for the survey.The survey information mainly contained the basic situation of sampled hospitals and the number of X-ray diagnostic examinees.The basic situation included the numbers of out-patient and emergency care,in-patient,X-ray diagnostic equipment and radiological staff,and the examinees were further classified by examination types,gender,ages and beam positions.Furthermore,based on the survey result,a prediction model of the application frequency of X-ray diagnosis in Fujian province was established,and the frequency in 2016 was also estimated.Results There were 418 sets of X-ray diagnostic equipment,and 1 230 radiological diagnostic staff in the 43 hospitals.The total number of out-patient,emergency care and in-patient was 30 919 162,and the number of X-ray diagnostic examinations was 4 277 518 in the hospitals in 2016.In 2016,the application frequency of X-ray diagnosis in Fujian province was estimated to be 695 examinations per thousand population.Among them,the frequencies of conventional X-ray photography and CT examinations were 373 and 293 examinations per thousand population,respectively.Conclusions Through this survey,the general situation of X-ray diagnostic application in Fujian province in 2016 was grasped,so as to provide reference data for improving the regulations and standards of radiation health protection and strengthening the supervision and management of the application of X-ray diagnostic equipment in Fujian province.
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Objective To explore the distribution and application of diagnostic X-ray procedures in Shanghai through investigating the 49 sample medical institutions,to provide the theoretical basis of protective strategies for medical exposure.Methods According to the grade of medical institutions,stratified random samplings were used to select 49 medical institutions.The basic information of the surveyed medical institutions and person-times of various types of X-ray diagnostic procedures were gathered by radiology information system and manual recording.Results In the sampled medical institutions,393 sets of X-ray equipment were engaged in X-ray diagnostic radiology,and the total number of X-ray diagnostic imaging was 4 442 662.The gender ratio of male and female was 1 ∶0.99.The total frequency of diagnostic X-ray procedures was 1 228 examinations per thousand population,including 304 examinations per thousand population of CT scan,105 examinations per thousand population of dental radiography.Conclusions The frequency of diagnostic X-ray procedures in 2016 increased compared with the data surveyed during the period of the " 11th Five-year Plan",in which the frequency of CT procedures increased significantly.
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Objective To survey the frequency of medical X-ray diagnosis and estimate the medical exposure levels of Jiangsu province in 2016,so as to be able to improve effectively the protection against medical radiation exposure.Methods All medical institutions in the province were covered in the survey for their basic medical information by means of census method.Frequencies of diagnostic medical X-ray examination were studied using random sampling method in 31 medical institutions.A linear model was established by number of outpatients number of inpatients,number of staff and number of radiation workers to evaluate the medical examination frequency.Results A total of 9 248 pieces of medical X-ray diagnostic equipment by the end of 2016 in Jiangsu province,including 1 110 CT scanners.The total frequencies of diagnostic medical X-ray examination were estimated to be 911.45 examinations per 1 000 population,covering 239.25 per 1 000 for CT scanning.The number of medical X-ray diagnostic equipment increased by a factor of 0.8 while CT scanners by a factor of 3.6 compared to 1999.Medical X-ray diagnostic frequency raised by a factor of 3.2 while CT frequency by a factor of 15.1 compared with previous data.Conclusions The medical X-ray diagnostic frequencies in Jiangsu province was 1.9 times the value given in the UNSCEAR 2008 Report,close to those in some developed European countries.Compared with the study in 2015,the present study has made greater improvement in sampling technique for selection of hospitals and equipment,frequency estimation method and acquisition of influence factors.Estimates of medical X-ray diagnosis frequency are closer to actual level.Further improvement will be needed for the future survey,so as to further study medical exposure levels and to provide basic information for better patient protection.
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Objective To obtain the information on frequency of diagnostic medical X-ray examination and age distribution of examined individuals surveyed through samples from 12 hospitals in Inner Mongolia region to provide the basis for the optimization of medical exposure.Methods Stratified sampling method was used to select 12 hospitals in the region to survey the information of examined patients on sex,age and exposed location of patients undergoing medical X-ray examination in 2015 and 2016.Based on the information on number of inpatients,number of inpatients and total number of staff,the total frequency of medical X-ray examinations in the region for 2015 and 2016 was estimated by using multiple linear regression model.Results The survey showed that the total frequency of medical exposure was,in decreasing order,tertiary hospitals ＞ secondary hospitals ＞ primary hospitals,and meanwhile the general hospitals ＞ specialized hospitals.Values on frequency in general hospitals in 2015 and 2016 were 223 examinations per 1 000 population and 233 per 1 000 in conventional X-ray examination,96 per 1 000 and 125 per 1 000 in CT examination,1 per 1 000 and 2 per 1 000 in fluoroscopy,35 per 1 000 and 19 per 1 000 in dental radiology,1 per 1 000 and 2 per 1 000 in breast fluoroscopy in the region,respectively.Conclusions The frequency of radiological diagnosis and treatment in Inner Mongolia showed an rapid upward trend,but varied greatly dependent on the levels and types of medical institutions.Further surveys should be expanded with focuses on their comprehensiveness and relevancy.
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Objective To scale the frequencise of medical X-ray diagnosis based on the survey conducted in 58 hospitals to the all hospitals in Henan province,in order to make them available for providing the basis for reasonable application of diagnostic radiology.Methods Stratified sampling method was used to select medical institutions at different levels in 6 cities in the province as sample hospitals.The information of examined patients on sex,age,diagnostic type and exposure category were gathered and the results were analyzed.Results The sex ratio of male and female examined patients was close to 1∶1.The largest proportion,60.47％,of examined patients was from the age group of above 40 years old among the three age groups.Medical diagnositc medical X-ray examinations mainly include conventional X-ray photography and CT examination,accounting for 52.15％ and 40.31％,respectively.Chest examination contributed the largest propotions,23.84％,of conventional diagnositic X-ray examination and,13.25％,of CT examination respectively.CT examinations were mainly concentrated in the secondary and tertiary hospitals,accounting for 21.54％ and 72.99％ of the total CT examinations,respectively.Contrast examination,mammography and extracorporeal lithotripsy were concentrated in the tertiary hospitals,accounting for 77.82％,95.01％ and 100％ of the same type of examinations,respectively.Conventional photographic examinations were mainly conducted in primary hospitals,accounting for 74.56％ of all types of examinations in the primary hospitals.By using multiple linear regression model,the diagnostic examination frequency in 2016 was estimated to be 826 examinations per 1 000 population,of which the frequency of dianostic X-ray examination and CT examination were 541 per 1 000 and 285 per 1 000,respectively.Conclusions The frequency of diagnostic radiology in Henan has increased rapidly in recent years.All types of diagnostic radiology equipment are unevenly distributed in hospitals at different levels which posed a challenge for health care.Relevant departments should make efforts to reallocation of diagnostic radiology equipment in such hospitals and make utilization of health resources more reasonable.
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Objective To acquire the basic information on diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy institutions and the frequency of medical radiation of Hebei province in 2016.Methods A survey was made using questionnaires for basic information on medical X-ray diagnosis,interventional radiology,radiotherapy and clinical nuclear medicine.Values of frequencies were derived for each type of medical X-ray procedure by dividing the total population.Results In 2016 there were 2 951 institutions at province level and 6 966 pieces of equipment involved in diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy treatments.Frequency values were estimated to be 379.25 examinations per 1 000 population in medical X-ay diagnosis,2.31 per 1 000 in interventional radiology,0.55 per 1 000 in radiotherapy and 1.65 per 1 000 in clinical nuclear medicine.The frequency for CT examination was 136.39 per 1 000,accounting for 36％ of the total frequencies in the province,with average annual growth rate of 12.4％.The highest value of frequency in clinical nuclear medicine was from Shijiazhuang among all types of medical procedures in different regions,11 times higher than the lowest value found in Hengshui city.Although the number of tertiary hospitals only accounted for 2.3％ of the total number of institutions,they contributed 25.5％,by examination number,of the medical X-ray diagnosis and 35.3％ of the CT examination.Interventional radiology and radiotherapy contributed more than 70％ of the total frequencies in the province,and clinical nuclear medicine was as high as 97.7％.Conclusions The basic information on diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy institutions and the frequency of medical procedures in Hebei in 2016 have been preliminarily made clear.Medical exposure could maintain a long-term growth trend.The frequency distribution of medical procedures in various regions and medical institutions is highly unbalanced.It is desirable to enhance the macroeconomic regulation and the management of medical radiation protection in order to rationally perform all types of diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy treatments to protect the health and safety of the patients and the examined individuals,and to promote the sustainable development of the health care services.
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To ascertain the background and frequency of diagnostic medical X-ray procedures in China and provide the basis for regulatory oversight of such applications,a total of 557 medical institutions in 25 provinces or municipalities were surveyed by means of the optimally designed questionnaires and through stratified quota sampling.The numbers of procedures were calculated in terms of the type of procedures and the sex and age of examined patients.As a result,the frequencies of diagnostic X-ray procedures for 2016 in the country were derived using multiple linear regression analysis.The frequency of X-ray diagnosis in 10 provinces of China in 2016 was estimated to be 379-1 228 examinations per 1 000 population.Diagnostic X-ray applications have shown a rapid expansion in 2016 as compared with the period of "9th Five-Year Plan".It is very important to strengthen the regulation of medical diagnostic X-ray applications.
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Objective To assess the frequency of medical exposure from X-ray diagnostic equipment in Tianjin,and provide recommendations for regulating medical radiation management and rational allocation and use of medical and health resources.Methods Using the census method,questionnaries were issued in the form of an administrative document to investigate the basic information on X-ray diagnostic equipment and medical procedure frequency in 687 hospitals (excluding military and armed police hospitals) in 2018.Mean values of frequencies were derived by dividing the number of procedures for each type of X-ray equipment by the total number of permanent residents.Results There were 1 562 pieces of X-ray diagnostic equipment (including interventional radiology),with an average of 1.00 unit per 10 000 population.There were 4 782 radiation workers engaged with X-ray diagnostic work (including interventional radiology),averaged on 3.06 workers per unit,with the highest of 5.25 workers per unit in tertiary hospitals and the lowest of 1.18 in ungraded hospitals.The city's X-ray diagnostic medical exposure came from 8 905 970 medical procedures,including 54.81％ for tertiary hospitals,18.00％ for secondary hospitals,16.21％ for primary hospital,and 10.98％ for ungraded hospitals.X-ray photography contributed 71.30％ with annual frequency of 407.84 examinations per 1 000 population,CT scans 21.81％ with annual frequency of 124.74 examinations per 1 000 population,interventional radiology 1.04％,with annual frequency of 5.98 examinations per 1 000 population,and other types of X-ray examinations 5.85％ with annual frequency of 33.47 examinations per 1 000 population.Conclusions The configuration of X-ray diagnostic equipment in Tianjin is basically reasonable.The frequency of X-ray diagnostic medical exposure is increasing year by year.The rationality of the distribution of X-ray diagnostic examinations needs to be further improved.To reduce dose to population,for the public health and safety is important issues in the future of radiation protection.
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Object To study on the X-ray protection module in the radiodiagnosis unit to protect X-ray technicians, other medical staffs and etc against radiation during standing and lying X-ray examinations in the tent-form field medical system.Methods A local tightness protection solution was put forward involving in lead protective materials, standing shoot rack,diagnosis couch as well as considerations on the service orientation of the tent-form field medical system and the operation mode of the X-ray tent. A protective support with fast-plug and lateral folding structure was designed based on X-ray radiation protection principle and lead equivalent calculation of the lead curtain. An X-ray protection module was developed with the lend curtain, protective support, warning sign and etc.Results The dose peaked at vertical direction, and at vertical direction the annual dose to the public 1 m away from the tent was 78.8μSv which was far lower than the limit value 1 mSv. The strength of the protective support met the requirements, and the maximum deformation of the support bar was 15 mm after the suspension of the lead curtain.Conclusion The X-ray protection module gains advantages in design, structure, operation,rapid deployment and withdrawal, handling and transport as well as protective effective according to GB 18871—2002 regulation, and thus can be used for X-ray diagnosis at peace and war time.
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PURPOSE: The present study aimed to evaluate which of the following imaging methods best assessed misfit at the tooth-restoration interface: (1) bitewing radiographs, both conventional and digital, performed using a photostimulable phosphor plate (PSP) and a charge-coupled device (CCD) system; (2) panoramic radiographs, both conventional and digital; and (3) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty healthy human molars with class I cavities were selected and divided into 4 groups according to the restoration that was applied: composite resin, composite resin with liner material to simulate misfit, dental amalgam, and dental amalgam with liner material to simulate misfit. Radiography and tomography were performed using the various imaging methods, and the resulting images were analyzed by 2 calibrated radiologists. The true presence or absence of misfit corresponding to an area of radiolucency in regions subjacent to the esthetic and metal restorations was validated with microscopy. The data were analyzed using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the scores were compared using the Cohen kappa coefficient. RESULTS: For bitewing images, the digital systems (CCD and PSP) showed a higher area under the ROC curve (AUROC) for the evaluation of resin restorations, while the conventional images exhibited a larger AUROC for the evaluation of amalgam restorations. Conventional and digital panoramic radiographs did not yield good results for the evaluation of resin and amalgam restorations (P .05), but showed no discriminatory ability for amalgam restorations (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Bitewing radiographs (conventional or digital) should be the method of choice when assessing dental restoration misfit.
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Humans , Biomedical and Dental Materials , Cone-Beam Computed Tomography , Dental Amalgam , Methods , Microscopy , Molar , Radiographic Image Enhancement , Radiography , ROC Curve , ToothABSTRACT
Objective To upgrade the components with defects to decrease the failure rate of XCY2002-1/200 field X-ray diagnosis vehicle rack movement.Methods The controlling part was replaced without changing rack structure,limit switch,motor,electric wire as well as the functions and operation method.Results Eight-month trial of three vehicles proved there were no failures in rack movement.Conclusion The upgraded rack gains high stability and eliminates most of hidden risks.
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Objective To understand the allocation of radiological diagnostic equipment and the frequency of medical radiation exposure in the medical institutions in Ningxia region,in order to provide the basis for the reasonable application of medical radiation technology.Methods The general survey in the form of the questionnaires was used to investigate and analyze the medical radiation usage of medical X-ray diagnostics,interventional radiology,nuclear medicine and radiotherapy in Ningxia region medical institutions.Results The frequency of X-ray diagnostic radiography in Ningxia region was 727.9 per 1 000 population in 2014.The frequency of X-ray photography examination was the highest,525.2 per 1 000 population,followed bv the frequency of CT scanning,147.9 per 1 000.For others,the frequency was radiotherapy 6.0 per 1 000 population,nuclear medicine 1.8 per 1 000 and interventional radiology 3.8 per 1 000,respectively.These differences were of statistical significance in frequency of X-ray diagnostic examination in five cities' medical institutions in Ningxia (X2 =162 280.7,P ＜ 0.05),also in all medical institutions at different levels (x2 =902 485.2,P ＜ 0.05) and for both frequency of X-ray photography examination and CT scanning in these institutions (x2 =471 574.9,181 887.1,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Of the X-ray diagnostic radiography,the CT scanning has becoine a major means next only to the X-ray photography examination.There are differences in frequency of X-ray diagnostic examination in the medical institutions at different levels in different cities of the region.The related regulatory authorities should strengthen the supervision and management of radiation protection in mnedical institutions,to ensure the justification of diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy.
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Panoramic radiographs are a relatively simple technique that is commonly used in all dental specialties. In panoramic radiographs, in addition to the formation of real images of metal objects, ghost images may also form, and these ghost images can hinder an accurate diagnosis and interfere with the accuracy of radiology reports. Dentists must understand the formation of these images in order to avoid making incorrect radiographic diagnoses. Therefore, the present study sought to present a study of the formation of panoramic radiograph ghost images caused by metal objects in the head and neck region of a dry skull, as well as to report a clinical case n order to warn dentists about ghost images and to raise awareness thereof. An understanding of the principles of the formation of ghost images in panoramic radiographs helps prevent incorrect diagnoses.
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Humans , Body Piercing , Dentists , Diagnosis , Head , Neck , Radiography, Panoramic , Skull , Specialties, DentalABSTRACT
Resumen: dentro de las displasias óseas hay cuadros clínicos que hacen parte de las denominadas condrodisplasias metafisarias, conocidas también como disostosis metafisarias, las cuales presentan mínimas diferencias entre sí, lo que las hace susceptibles de ser confundidas con otros cuadros clínicos como la acondroplasia y el raquitismo. En este artículo se presenta un caso clínico de condrodisplasiametafisaria tipo Schmid de un paciente de Popayán, Colombia, al igual que algunas consideracionessobre las principales características clínicas, radiológicas, de diagnóstico y tipo de herencia de esta enfermedad. El caso clínico corresponde a un paciente de género masculino de 23 meses de edad, en quien se inician estudios por la presencia de talla baja desproporcionada. Los resultados mostraron coxa vara, genu varo y extremidades cortas, con un fenotipo similar en la madre y el abuelo materno. Las radiografías evidencian la presencia de irregularidad con deshilachamiento de las metáfisis de huesos largos; además, ensanchamiento y esclerosis en las metáfisis proximales de ambos fémur. La meta final es ser confirmado por medio de pruebas genéticas. En conclusión, las condrodisplasias metafisarias, especialmente la tipo Schmid, son enfermedades caracterizadas por talla baja y hallazgos radiológicos especiales, dados principalmente por el compromiso metafisario a nivel de los huesos largos, que en conjunto con las características fenotípicas pueden conducir a la sospecha e identificación de este tipo de patología.
Abstract: between the dysplastic bone pathologies there are some medical conditions that belong to so-called metaphyseal chondrodysplasias, also known as metaphyseal dysostosis. These differ slightly from each other, making them capable of being confused with other medical conditions such as achondroplasia and rickets. This article presents a case of Schmid type metaphyseal chondrodysplasiafrom Popayan, Colombia, as well as some considerations about the main clinical characteristics, radiological, diagnosis, and type of inheritance of this disease. The clinical case corresponds to a male patient, 23 months old, who was studied by the presence of disproportionate short stature. Findings showed coxa vara, genu varus, and short limbs, with similar phenotype to the mother and maternal grandfather. The radiological images showed the presence of irregularity with ®fraying¼ of the metaphysis of long bones, in addition to widening and sclerosis in the proximal metaphysis of both femurs. The ultimate goal is to be confirmed by genetic testing. In conclusion, the metaphyseal chondrodysplasias, especially Schmid type, are diseases characterized by short stature and by special radiological findings, mainly given by the metaphyseal affectation of long bones, which together with the phenotypic characteristics may lead to the suspicion and identification of this disease.Keywords: Schmid type metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, osteochondrodysplasias, collagen type.
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Humans , Chondrodysplasia Punctata , Collagen Type X , Osteochondrodysplasias , RadiographyABSTRACT
The development of veterinary dentistry has substantially improved the ability to diagnose canine and feline dental abnormalities. Consequently, examinations previously performed only on humans are now available for small animals, thus improving the diagnostic quality. This has increased the need for technical qualification of veterinary professionals and increased technological investments. This study evaluated the use of cone beam computed tomography and intraoral radiography as complementary exams for diagnosing dental abnormalities in dogs and cats. Cone beam computed tomography was provided faster image acquisition with high image quality, was associated with low ionizing radiation levels, enabled image editing, and reduced the exam duration. Our results showed that radiography was an effective method for dental radiographic examination with low cost and fast execution times, and can be performed during surgical procedures.
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Animals , Cats , Dogs , Female , Male , Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Cone-Beam Computed Tomography/veterinary , Dental Implants , Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Mouth/injuries , Periodontal Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Tooth Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Wounds and InjuriesABSTRACT
Currently endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograhp(ERCP) has been one of the major treatments to diagnose and cure pancreatic and choledochal diseases in many large and medium-sized hospitals.To meet the requirements of the army,ERCP treatment is practiced in field battle X-ray diagnosis vehicle(Model XCY2002-1/200) and has achieved satisfactory effects.The functions of field battle X-ray diagnosis vehicle in model of XCY2002-1/200 are expanded and new access are explored to cure patients with pancreatic and choledochal diseases in the field.
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The abutting joint for XCY2002-1/200 field battle X-ray diagnosis vehicle and WCY2002-2/40 field battle operation vehicle are expounded. The methods and the process of their expansion are studied from regional reconnaissance,vehicle orientation,personnel or work distribution,operational order or skill and so on. The effect is good and quick,and the experience procedure is accumulated,which problems and corresponding improvement are put forward. The effectiveness is used for emergency operation of the serious wounded in frontier,and is expected to serve as reference for enhancing medical treatment efficiency and quality.
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Objective To research the advantage and disadvantage of image information management system of X-ray diag-nosis vehicle and traditional screen-film radiography in field hospital's in earthquake relief mission. Methods 465 limbs affection cases and 58 trunk affection cases were examined by the X-ray fluoroscopy. The images are printed in perspec-tive by S2001-WZ 6.0 information management system and traditional screen film radiography. Results The two methods of diagnose accordance rate is 98% for limbs disease and 73% for trunk affection. Conclusion The system has the advan-tages of rapidity, low cost, little room require ment, high diagnosis positive rate and extensive application prospect.